Pregeneration of tetrahydroanthraquinones in a make-up solution to be added to a hydrogen peroxide working solution

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a process to increase the mol ratio of nuclearly hydrogenated working compound to the total working compound in a make-up solution to be added to the working solution of an operating plant in producing hydrogen peroxide by the cyclic reduction, oxidation, and extraction of an alkylated anthraquinone. The process produces the nuclearly hydrogenated working compound in the make-up solution without producing substantial quantities of undesired by-products.

This invention is directed to an economical process for hydrogenating a 2-alkylanthraquinone to form the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro derivative in a working solution without simultaneously producing substantial quantities of undesired by-products and to a process for producing hydrogen peroxide using said working solution.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,158,525 to Riedl et al teaches that on oxidation polynuclear organic hydroquinones are capable of forming hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding quinones. At the present time almost all of the commercial hydrogen peroxide is produced by the anthraquinone process which includes the steps of cyclically hydrogenating a "working" solution containing a 2-alkylanthraquinone to form the corresponding 2-anthrahydroquinone and oxidizing the latter to form the 2-alkylanthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide. The polynuclear hydroquinone and quinone compounds capable of forming hydrogen peroxide in such a process are called "working compounds." The working compounds presently believed to be in use commercially are 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-t-butylanthraquinone, 2-amylanthraquinone (usually the mixed sec and tert amyl compounds) and derivatives thereof. During the hydrogenation step some of the anthraquinone is nuclearly hydrogenated to form the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro derivative, commonly abbreviated to "tetrahydro" or "tetra"; the tetra derivatives are also capable of producing hydrogen peroxide and are also considered to be working compounds.

Many other by-products are also formed in the working solution; these by-products are undesirable as they do not contribute to the production of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, the presence of such other by-products is economically undesirable as they represent a loss of the expensive working compound, moreover, it is frequently necessary to purify the working solution by contacting it with a compound such as an activated alumina, to convert some of these by-products to working compounds. However, such a treatment is usually expensive and results in an overall loss of expensive working compound and expensive solvent. In addition, some undesired by-products are extracted into the aqueous hydrogen peroxide, increasing the dissolved carbon content of the hydrogen peroxide, or even causing an undesired color or odor to develop in the hydrogen peroxide.

The optimum operating conditions for an anthraquinone process hydrogen peroxide plant are related to the quantity of hydrogen peroxide produced per cycle and the time required to complete such a cycle. The presence of a tetrahydro working compound in the working solution is one of the important factors to be considered in establishing the optimum operating conditions for a plant.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,073,680 to Jenney et al teaches that it is desirable if at least 85% of the working compound is in the tetrahydro form and its teachings are incorporated herein by reference. More specifically, the Jenney et al patent teaches that 2-ethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroanthrahydroquinone can be produced by the hydrogenation of the 2-ethylanthraquinone at 50° C. and 340 kPa. The working solution described in the referenced patent initially contained 8.4 g/l of a working compound, of which 64% was 2-ethylanthraquinone and 36% was 2-ethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroanthraquinone. However, after 7 hours of hydrogenation, 4.7 g/l working compound remained, and all was in the tetrahydro form, representing approximately a 40% yield based on the original working compound.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,495,229 to Dawsey et al teaches a process to produce a tetrahydroanthrahydroquinone in glass apparatus in approximately 85% yield. However, the Dawsey et al process requires a special porous nickel catalyst not suitable for use in a peroxygen process.

British Pat. No. 1,390,408 teaches a process for manufacturing hydrogen peroxide using a working solution containing 2-tert-amyltetrahydroanthraquinone and 2-sec-isoamyltetrahydroanthraquinone. The tetrahydroanthraquinones are first prepared by the process of U.S. Pat. No. 2,495,229 using a porous nickel catalyst at atmospheric pressure and elevated temperatures. The process of British Pat. No. 1,390,408 has the disadvantage of requiring a preliminary hydrogenation step to prepare the tetrahydroanthraquinone. Subsequently, the tetrahydroanthraquinones are isolated and a second, different hydrogenation step is necessary to form the 2-amyltetrahydroanthrahydroquinone in the working solution. It is more desirable economically to synthesize the tetrahydroanthrahydroquinone in the solvent to be used in the working solution.

During operation it is necessary to add or make up both solvent and working compound to the working solution to compensate for losses. Usually the make-up working compound is added as the anthraquinone form rather than the tetrahydro form or mixture of anthraquinone and its tetrahydro derivative of the working compound.

It is known that the tetrahydro component of a working compound increases gradually with use. However, during this period other of the by-products are formed which degrade the working compound in the working solution. Thus, even when a relatively small proportion of the anthraquinone form of make-up working compound is added to the working solution the relatively severe hydrogenation conditions result in undersirable by-product formation. In addition, the productivity of a plant is depressed during the period in which the tetrahydro component is forming in the working solution. This reduced productivity represents a significant economic loss.

It is desirable to develop a rapid process to increase the ratio of the tetrahydro component of the working compound to the total working compound to be added to the working solution without producing substantial quantities of undesired by-products, and without depressing the productivity of the catalyst or working solution of the operating plant.

This objective has been achieved by the process of the present invention which comprises preparing a first solution containing a non-nuclearly hydrogenated alkylanthraquinone in an inert solvent or solvents and adjusting the concentration of the solution so that the concentration of the non-nuclearly alkylanthraquinone of the working compound is no greater than the saturation concentration of the corresponding anthrahydroquinone formed in the subsequent hydrogenation step. This first solution is then hydrogenated at 50° C. or less in the presence of a palladium catalyst, whereby the ratio of tetrahydrogenated working compound to the total working compound is increased without substantial formation of undesired by-products, and is then added as a make-up solution to the plant working solution.

While the working compound may be based on any 2-alkylanthraquinone compound suitable for use in producing hydrogen peroxide by a cyclic hydrogenation and oxidation process, it is desirable that the 2-alkylanthraquinone working compound be selected from the group consisting of, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-t-butylanthraquinone, and 2-amylanthraquinone.

The working compound can be dissolved in any inert solvent to form the first solution. However, it is preferred that the inert solvent employed be a component of a working solution to be used in the hydrogen peroxide process so that the solution of the working compound produced by this invention is suitable for addition directly to a process stream of a plant producing hydrogen peroxide by the cyclic hydrogenation and oxidation of an alkylated anthraquinone. The solvent may be either fresh solvent or reclaimed solvent. For example, it is well known that a substantial quantity of solvent is evaporated from the working solution in the oxidizer and can be recovered from the effluent air or oxygen either by condensation or adsorption. Alternatively, if it is desired only to increase the concentration of working compound in the working solution without addition of solvent, the solvent employed may be that which is contained in at least a portion of the plant working solution, optionally after a purification step, with the additional working compound simply being added thereto to form the first solution.

It is well known that in the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide, a palladium catalyst is preferred over a nickel catalyst for hydrogenating the working compound to the anthrahydroquinone form because it is less likely to cause nuclear hydrogenation. However, it is surprising to find that a palladium catalyst is suitable to catalyze the hydrogenation of the non-nuclearly hydrogenated form of the working compound to the tetrahydro form of the working compound and is critical for the economics of the present invention in that it is not necessary to use a first catalyst to prepare the tetrahydro form of the working compound and a second catalyst for the reduction of the quinone form to the hydrogenating form of the working compound.

The hydrogenation step of the present invention may take place in a plant hydrogenator operating under the critical conditions claimed herein. However, in the absence of excess hydrogenation capacity it is more economical to avoid reducing the plant productive capacity and, instead to hydrogenate the make-up working solution in a separate hydrogenator. Frequently, an operating hydrogen peroxide plant may utilize a sidestream hydrogenator or a pilot unit with a pilot scale hydrogenator to evaluate catalysts, solvents, and working compounds and either such a sidestream hydrogenator or the hydrogenator of a pilot unit may serve well for use in the practice of this invention.

Although the hydrogenator may be operated on 100% recycle of the working solution until the desired ratio of the tetrahydro working compound to the total working compound is obtained, it is also possible when preparing the make-up solution in a pilot scale hydrogenator to operate with only part of the working solution passing through the oxidizer and extractor cycle. For safety reasons and economics when practicing the present invention in a pilot unit, it may be undesirable to circulate the hydrogenated solution through the rest of the pilot unit without the oxidizer and extractor cycles in operation. By maintaining a recycle of at least 90% of the solution through the hydrogenator the depth of hydrogenation is increased to permit substantial formation of the tetrahydro working compound within the hydrogenator. At the same time, the remaining 10% or less of the working solution can be oxidized, the hydrogen peroxide extracted, and the working solution recycled back to the hydrogenator thereby eliminating the need to blanket the rest of pilot unit with an inert gas as a safety precaution.

When practicing the present invention in a sidestream hydrogenator it may be desirable to gradually increase the concentration of the working compound in the working solution by adding up to 10% of the first solution from the sidestream hydrogenator as a make-up solution to the plant working solution and recycling at least 90% of the first solution to the sidestream hydrogenator and concomitantly replacing the portion of the first solution added as a make-up solution to the working solution with additional solvent and working compound.

It is critical to this process that at least 90% and, more preferably at least 95%, of the hydrogenated working solution is recycled to the hydrogenator until the desired ratio is reached so as to minimize the production of undesired by-products. It is not critical whether the hydrogenator is either a fixed bed hydrogenator or a fluid bed hydrogenator.

It is also critical for the practice of this invention that the temperature of the hydrogenator be maintained at less than about 50° C. to prevent substantial formation of undesired by-products. Although temperatures of less than 40° C. are not objectionable with regard to the formation of undesired by-products, it is clear that such lower temperatures reduce both the hydrogenation rate and the solubility of the working compound. Therefore, the preferred operating temperature is between about 40° C. and less than about 50° C.

The pressure of the hydrogen gas in the hydrogenator is not critical over the range of about 50 to about 400 kPa. One skilled in the art will recognize that increasing the pressure will increase the rate of hydrogenation. However, within the above range there is little effect of pressure on the rate of formation of undesired impurities. Preferably, the hydrogen pressure will range between 100 and 200 kPa to minimize safety hazards and optimize equipment cost.

Additional non-nuclearly hydrogenated working compound may be added to the solution undergoing hydrogenation to increase the concentration of the working compound to a desired or design level. The additional working compound may be added in one or several increments providing the total concentration of the non-nuclearly hydrogenated working compound does not exceed the saturation concentration of the hydroquinone form in the hydrogenator.

The following non-limiting examples illustrate to one skilled in the art the best mode for practicing the claimed invention.

EXAMPLES

A hydrogenation pilot was designed to permit control of flow rate of solution, solution temperature, pressure, and gas flow rate. The palladium catalyst taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,841 was used in a fixed bed configuration to eliminate catalyst attrition with time and to eliminate filtration problems. Suitable sampling ports were provided. The quinone form of the working compound was dissolved in a suitable solvent and the system was purged of air using nitrogen. When the desired temperature was attained, the nitrogen was vented and replaced with hydrogen which was fed to the system at a preset pressure. Flow rates of the quinone solution and gas purge were adjusted and the hydrogenation allowed to proceed. Periodically, samples were withdrawn from the solution reservoir through a sampling valve and filter, oxidized, extracted with 10% H₂ SO₄, and analyzed by gas chromatograph to determine content of the 2-alkyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroanthraquinone and its parent quinone.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE

A working solution was prepared consisting of 25% by weight 2-amylanthraquinone (AAQ) in a mixed solvent, 67% diisobutylcarbinol (DIBC) and 33% C₉ -C₁₂ aromatic hydrocarbon solvent (Shell Sol or merely SSol). The hydrogenator was charged with 324 g of the catalyst disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,841 and operated at 50° C. hydrogenator inlet temperature to remove inherent poisons from the working solution. A rapid decline in the titers (78 to 53) was noticed during the first two days of operation. The catalyst bed was replaced with 324 g of fresh catalyst and the operation restarted. A similar decline in the titers was again observed. Heating the catalyst bed under a high purge of N₂ did not improve the titers. After 24 hours of operation, the catalyst was replaced with 534 g of fresh catalyst and operations were resumed. At the end of the third day, an additional 116 g of fresh catalyst was charged, bringing the total catalyst weight to 650 g. The operation was resumed at about 45° C. at the hydrogenator inlet temperature. A rapid decline was observed in the titers from 173 to 118. The catalyst bed was subsequently heated to about 100° C. with a purge of nitrogen through the bed to eliminate water from the catalyst bed. At this point, the working solution was assumed to be free from poisons and suitable for use to obtain meaningful data. Continuous operation was begun at a 45° C. hydrogenator inlet temperature. The titers were observed to drop from 126 to 106, in approximately 40 hours. The catalyst bed was regenerated with nitrogen for two hours and the operation restarted. During 52 hours of operation the titers gradually dropped from 128 to 101. This repeated decline in the titers was attributed to an impurity coating the catalyst bed. The operation was interrupted and the catalyst bed was washed with the mixed solvent in an effort to remove the suspected impurities from the catalyst bed. Following the washing of the catalyst bed, round-the-clock operation at 45° C. hydrogenator inlet temperature was restarted, the downward trend of the titers continued during the subsequent 70 hours of continuous operation.

EXAMPLE 1

The hydrogenator pilot was operated with a solution containing 1,600 g of a 6% solution of 2-ethylanthraquinone in a solvent containing 27% trioctyl phosphate and 73% SSol solvent system. After the system was thoroughly purged with nitrogen, hydrogenation was begun at 45° C. and 375 kPa of hydrogen. After 20 hours of hydrogenation, the concentration of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-ethylanthrahydroquinone was observed to be 4 weight percent, at which point additional 2-ethyl-anthraquinone was added to bring the total working compound concentration up to 9%. After an additional 8 hours of hydrogenation, the concentration of the tetrahydro derivative had reached 6.25%. No unwanted by-products were observed.

EXAMPLE 2

The equipment of Example 1 was operated under the same conditions as in Example 1, but instead contained a 15% solution of 2-amylanthraquinone in a C₉ aliphatic alcohol SSol solvent mixture. After 11 hours, the concentration of the tetrahydro derivative had increased to 4.6%. Additional 2-amylanthraquinone was added to bring the solids concentration up to 20% percent. Hydrogenation was continued for an additional 16 hours at which point the concentration of the tetrahydro working compound (H₄ AAQ) was 8.2%. An additional portion of 2-amylanthraquinone was added to bring the concentration of solids to 25%, and after 19 additional hours of hydrogenation, the level of tetrahydro working compound was 12.3%. Under the mild conditions employed, no unwanted by-product formation was detected.

EXAMPLE 3

Example 1 was repeated with 210 g of catalyst and 15 liters of a 16% AAQ solution in the DIBC-SSol solvent system. The hydrogenation inlet temperature ranged from 40° C. and the pressure ranged from 375 kPa to 410 kPa. Portions of the reaction mixture were analyzed by gas chromatography at various time intervals. The formation rate of the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro working compound (H₄ AAQ) is shown in Table 1. Liquid chromatographic analysis of the final product showed no other quinone related by-products.

EXAMPLE 4

H₄ AAQ was also prepared in a conventional process pilot employing 90-95% recycle to the fixed-bed hydrogenator to simulate a plant start-up. The initial solution consisted of 22 liters of 15% 2-amylanthraquinone (AAQ) and in the DIBC-SSol mixed solvent. The solution was subjected to hydrogenation (15 cm fixed-bed catalyst), oxidation, and extraction in the process pilot. The following pilot conditions were observed:

    ______________________________________                                         Hydrogenator Inlet Temperature                                                                        40-45° C.                                        Hydrogenator Inlet Pressure                                                                           375-410 kPa                                             Oxidizer Temperature   40-42° C.                                        Oxidizer Pressure      210-245 kPa                                             Extractor Temperature  25-30° C.                                        Total Flow to Hydrogenator                                                                            600 ml/minute                                           (Including Recycle)                                                            Recycle Flow to Hydrogenator                                                                          540 ml/minute                                           Flow to Oxidizer       60 ml/minute                                            ______________________________________                                    

The formation rate of H₄ AAQ is shown in Table 2. Gas and liquid chromatography analyses showed no other quinone by-products.

EXAMPLE 5

Example 1 was repeated with a solution containing approximately 4.5% EAQ and operated at 40° C. and 375 kPa. The results are presented in Table 3.

EXAMPLE 6

Example 5 was repeated with a solution containing approximately 15% AAQ in a DIBC-SSol solvent using 200 g catalyst. The results are presented in Table 4.

Pursuant to the requirements of the patent statutes, the principle of this invention has been explained and exemplified in a manner so that it can be readily practiced by those skilled in the art, such exemplification includes what is considered to represent the best embodiment of the invention. However, it should be clearly understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced by those skilled in the art, and having the benefit of this disclosure, otherwise than as specifically described and exemplified herein.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         (Example 3)                                                                    Rate of Formation of the Tetrahydro Compound                                   Time           %       %                                                       Hours          AAQ     H.sub.4 AAQ                                             ______________________________________                                          0             16.0    0.0                                                      2                     1.2                                                      4                     3.0                                                      6                     4.5                                                      8                     5.8                                                     10                     6.7                                                     14                     10.5                                                    20                     14.1                                                    22                     15.0                                                    24                     15.7                                                    26                     15.8                                                    ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         (Example 4)                                                                    Rate of Formation of the Tetrahydro Compound                                   Time           %       %                                                       Hours          AAQ     H.sub.4 AAQ                                             ______________________________________                                          0             15.0    0.0                                                      8                     3.0                                                     24                     3.8                                                     32                     4.8                                                     52                     7.4                                                     56                     7.8                                                     60              6.7    8.2                                                     ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         (Example 5)                                                                    Rate of Formation of the Tetrahydro Compound                                   Time           %       %                                                       Hours          EAQ     H.sub.4 EAQ                                             ______________________________________                                         0              4.5,4.3 0.0                                                     5              3.19    1.15                                                    8              2.62    1.79                                                    12             1.99    2.44                                                    16             1.41    2.91                                                    ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         (Example 6)                                                                    Rate of Formation of the Tetrahydro Compound                                   Time           %        %                                                      Hours          AAQ      H.sub.4 AAQ                                            ______________________________________                                         0              14.6,14.6                                                                               0.0                                                    4              12.8     1.8                                                    11             9.7      4.6                                                    ______________________________________                                     

I claim:
 1. In a process for producing hydrogen peroxide by the cyclic steps of reducing, oxidizing, and extracting a working solution containing as a working compound an alkylated anthraquinone and the corresponding hydroquinone, tetrahydroanthraquinone and tetrahydroanthrahydroquinone, the improvement which comprises increasing the mol ratio of the nuclearly-hydrogenated, tetrahydro components of the working compound in a first solution which is to be added to the working solution by adjusting the concentration of the non-nuclearly hydrogenated working compounds to be not greater than the maximum solubility of the alkylated anthrahydroquinone formed in the first solution at the hydrogenation temperature, hydrogenating the first solution in the presence of a palladium catalyst at a pressure of 50 to 400 kilopascals at a temperature of not greater than 50° C. thereby increasing the mol ratio of the tetrahydro components of the working compound without forming substantial quantities of undesirable by-products and adding said hydrogenated first solution to the working solution.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the alkylated anthraquinone is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-isobutylanthraquinone, and 2-amylanthraquinone.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the pressure is between 100 and 200 kilopascals.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrogenation temperature is between 40° C. and 50° C.
 5. The process of claim 3 wherein the alkylated anthraquinone is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-isobutylanthraquinone, and 2-amylanthraquinone.
 6. The process of claim 4 wherein the alkylated anthraquinone is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-isobutylanthraquinone, and 2-amylanthraquinone.
 7. The process of claim 1 wherein at least 90% of the hydrogenated first solution is recycled to the hydrogenator.
 8. The process of claim 7 wherein the alkylated anthraquinone is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-isobutylanthraquinone, and 2-amylanthraquinone.
 9. The process of claim 7 wherein the pressure is between 100 and 200 kilopascals.
 10. The process of claim 7 wherein the hydrogenation temperature is between 40° C. and 50° C.
 11. The process of claim 9 wherein the alkylated anthraquinone is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-isobutylanthraquinone, and 2-amylanthraquinone.
 12. The process of claim 10 wherein the pressure is between 100 and 200 kilopascals.
 13. In a process for producing hydrogen peroxide by the cyclic steps of reducing, oxidizing, and extracting a working solution containing as a working compound, one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-isobutylanthraquinone, 2-amylanthraquinone, the corresponding 2-alkylanthrahydroquinone, the corresponding 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-alkylanthraquinone and the corresponding 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-alkylanthrahydroquinone, the improvement which comprises increasing the mol ratio of the nuclearly-hydrogenated, tetrahydro components in a first solution which is to be added as make-up to the working solution by adjusting the concentration of the non-nuclearly hydrogenated working compounds to be not greater than the maximum solubility of the alkylated anthrahydroquinone formed in the first solution at the hydrogenation temperature, hydrogenating the first solution at a pressure of 100 to 400 kilopascals, at a temperature of 40° C. to 50° C., recycling at least 90% of the working solution to the hydrogenator without oxidation and extraction thereby increasing the mol ratio of the tetrahydro components of the working compound without forming substantial quantities of undesired by-products and adding the first solution as make-up to the working solution.
 14. The process of claim 13 wherein the first solution comprises working solution withdrawn from the plant process stream.
 15. The process of claim 13 wherein the adjusting step is repeated at least once after the hydrogenation step.
 16. The process of claim 14 wherein the hydrogenation pressure is 100 to 200 kilopascals.
 17. The process of claim 15 wherein the hydrogenation pressure is 100 to 200 kilopascals.
 18. In a process for producing hydrogen peroxide by the cyclic steps of reducing, oxidizing, and extracting a working solution containing as a working compound, one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-isobutylanthraquinone, 2-amylanthraquinone, the corresponding 2-alkylanthrahydroquinone, the corresponding 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-alkylanthraquinone and the corresponding 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-alkylanthrahydroquinone, the improvement which comprises hydrogenating a first solution containing a working compound and an inert solvent in a sidestream hydrogenator at a pressure of 100 to 400 kilopascals, at a temperature of not greater than 50° C. to increase the mol ratio of the nuclearly-hydrogenated, tetrahydro components in the first solution, adding up to 10% of the first solution from the sidestream hydrogenator as make-up to the working solution, recycling at least a part of the first solution as make-up to the sidestream hydrogenator without oxidation and extraction thereby further increasing the mol ratio of the tetrahydro components of the working compound without forming substantial quantities of undesired by-products, adjusting the concentration of the non-nuclearly hydrogenated working compounds in the first solution to be no greater than the maximum solubility of the alkylated anthraquinone formed in the first solution at the hydrogenation temperature, and concomitantly replacing the portion of the first solution added as make-up to the working solution with additional solvent and working compound.
 19. The process of claim 18 wherein the additional solvent comprises working solution withdrawn from the plant process stream.
 20. The process of claim 18 wherein the adjusting step is repeated at least once after the hydrogenation step.
 21. The process of claim 19 wherein the hydrogenation pressure is 100 to 200 kilopascals and the hydrogenation temperature is 40° C. to 50° C.
 22. The process of claim 19 wherein the hydrogenation pressure is 100 to 200 kilopascals and the hydrogenation temperature is 40° C. to 50° C.
 23. The process of claim 20 wherein the hydrogenation pressure is 100 to 200 kilopascals and the hydrogenation temperature is 40° C. to 50° C. 